2024 Author: Jasmine Walkman | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 08:29
In Bulgaria the most common poisonous mushrooms are the red, white and green fly agaric, as well as the devil's mushroom. In order to be well distinguished from edible mushrooms, which have twins, they must be known as morphology and distinctive features.
Red fly agaric
The cap of the red fly agaric at the beginning of its development has a curved shape similar to an egg. As it grows, it becomes spherical to flat. It has a pronounced color in orange-reddish to deep red. On the surface of the hat, which is smooth and slightly shiny, there are various areas with white coloration - most often described in the form of small pimples.
In larger specimens, the cap can reach over 30 cm in diameter. The stump of the red fly agaric is white to slightly creamy and up to 25 cm high. Its ring is very pronounced, single, white, and its lower part hangs and is slightly folded. The plates are not fused with the stump, well defined and located, with a slight distance from each other.
The flesh of the red fly agaric is white, and it is possible that parts of the cap itself are pigmented in yellow and red. This fly agaric has a pleasant mushroom taste, which makes it harder to recognize as poisonous once it has been consumed.
The onset of the first symptoms of poisoning can range from 30 minutes to 3 hours. They are characterized by nausea, vomiting, lowering of blood pressure, darkening of the eyes, sweating, auditory and visual hallucinations, difficulty maintaining balance, euphoria or drowsiness, which can lead to loss of consciousness.
This mushroom is popularly known and common in folk tales and fairy tales. She is widely known for the fact that her image is used in many children's books for illustration. Its name comes from the practice of destroying flies and insects with it. Slightly to moderately poisonous - often confused with the delicious edible bride mushroom. Claudius himself was poisoned with a red fly agaric, believing that a bride had been prepared and served to him.
The distinguishing features between the two mushrooms are that the poisonous fly agaric has a white to whitish-cream stump and plates, while the bride has a more pronounced color in yellowish. Large, messy rags may remain on the bride's hat, while in the fly agaric the pimples are almost the same size and have a stronger symmetry available. Her hat looks like a frosted red candy. The color of the bride's hat is orange-red with a scattered color of yellowish, while the red fly agaric has a more homogeneously distributed and deep red color. It is advisable to pick fully mature specimens from the bride, because this makes the different parts of her body different from those of her poisonous double - the red fly agaric.
White fly agaric
The white fly agaric is a highly poisonous fungus. Poisoning with it is accompanied by severe stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Improper recognition of symptoms can lead to liver and kidney failure, and death.
The white fly agaric grows in both deciduous and coniferous forests. Its fruiting body in young specimens is ovoid in shape and has a white common cover. The cap of this mushroom is smaller than the green fly agaric and reaches 8 cm in diameter. As it matures, it dissolves and turns from ovoid-rounded to almost flat. Its color is white to slightly whitish-gray. Remains of the common cover are rarely seen. The surface of the hat is smooth, and in rainy weather - sticky. Its edge is initially fused with the stump, and then straightens and sometimes cracks.
The plates of the white fly agaric are free from the stump, not always the same length, white in color, closely spaced under the cap. The flesh of the mushroom is white with an unpleasant, spicy taste reminiscent of turnips. The stump is onion-shaped at the base, with obvious traces of the common torn cover. It has a white color and is smooth to the touch. The stump also has a ring in its upper part, which is widely located and white.
The younger fruiting bodies of the white fly agaric can be mistaken for small field mushrooms. The difference between these two mushrooms is in the color of the plates. In the case of mushrooms, they turn pink, and in the case of the white fly agaric, they are white. Sometimes while they are still small, white fly agarics can be recognized as roe deer. However, roe deer have a clear brownish color that varies in different shades, both on the cap and on the plates. The distinctive feature of them, which makes them easy to recognize by white and green fly agarics, is that the deer have a greater height - up to 40 cm only their stump.
Green fly agaric
The green fly agaric, called in some parts of Bulgaria a mischief-maker, is a highly poisonous, deadly fungus. The first symptoms that we have consumed just such a mushroom are acute and intolerable stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhea, headache and loss of consciousness. Failure to treat can lead to liver and kidney failure, and death.
The green fly agaric is found in deciduous and coniferous forests in summer and autumn. In the beginning, her fruiting body is surrounded by a common covering, and her hat has an ovoid shape. When ripe, it reaches 16 cm in diameter, and the color is yellowish-green and / or greenish-oily to greenish-brown, as the shade of color fades to its periphery, which may be slightly torn in older mushrooms. The hat is also smooth and with white remnants of the cracked cover.
Green white fly agarics are rare, but there are also such cases. The flesh of the mushroom is white to slightly yellowish-green, with a sweet taste, and sometimes may have the smell of raw potatoes. The stump is up to 12 cm high and is thickened at the base. It has a white to yellow-greenish color with slight greenish outlines along its continuation. Traces of the cracked common veil on it may be clearly visible. The ring is whitish to yellowish, clearly defined, widely spaced, grooved.
The plates of the green fly agaric are dense, free of stumps, slightly spaced apart from each other and with a white to slightly yellowish-green color. This fungus can be mistaken for edible mushrooms, especially when younger specimens are picked. Even when it is small, the green fly agaric is covered with a common cover, which prevents a distinctive analysis of its structure. Also, its plates are white to slightly greenish in color, while in mushrooms they turn pink and / or brown. Sometimes both fungi can share a common underground mycelium, so avoid picking mushrooms near green fly agarics or detached mushrooms that look like them. The green fly agaric can also be confused with pigeons, but they do not have a ring or a Volvo.
Devil's sponge
The devil's mushroom, also called Sinkavitsa because of the color it emits from its fleshy part, is a poisonous mushroom. The symptoms that a person manifests when consuming it are severe vomiting, diarrhea and headache.
Devil's fungus grows on calcareous soils and is found in both deciduous and coniferous forests. Its cap reaches 20 cm in diameter with a spherical shape in the early phase of maturation. Later it unfolds. It has a red color, which is covered from silver-gray to gray-green, pale brown skin. Its surface is smooth and slightly wrinkled. The edge of the hat is initially protruding inwards, and then unfolds and flattens.
The flesh of the mushroom is dense, even greasy, yellowish in color and quickly turns blue when cut. The stump reaches 15 cm. Sometimes it is thickened and resembles almost the shape of a hat. From the top along the stump down the color of the fungus varies from yellowish to yellow-reddish-brown. The plates of the devil's mushroom are tubes. They are yellow to yellow-green with round reddish pores and are uncaught on the stump.
The devil's mushroom is often confused with the mushroom, which, however, does not turn blue when cut, unlike its venomous counterpart, and does not have the same orange-red tubes. Exceptions are the velvet mushroom and the fire mushroom, which can also turn blue when broken, and quite noticeable.
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